This new aunt repaired consequences determine 65% of your type into the studies within decide to try
gt which capture the differences between groups g at time-wave t. We specify two main groups – provinces and villages. The individuals in our sample span 20 provinces and over 1600 villages. Footnote 9 Including these fixed effects in the estimation controls for unobserved differences between, say, villages that influence the outcome variables. For example, access to formal employment may be lower in some villages than others. If more people who were married early live in such villages, then not controlling for which village the respondents live in will confound the effect of early marriage and the probability of having a formal job. We also interact those groups with the time the survey was conducted to account for differential time trends across provinces or villages. By using village fixed effects we are comparing individuals who marry early with those who do not but who live in the same village, and therefore are exposed to similar conditions, like traditions, culture and institutional settings. As people within a village are exposed to more similar conditions than people within a province, village fixed effects are likely to control more effectively for differences across individuals than province fixed effects. The inclusion of village fixed effects however comes at the cost of statistical power (as the coefficients are estimated off the more limited within-village variation).
Within our sample you can find 676 siblings, out of which 302 have been ple (as they are from a family group in which a minumum of one girl try partnered very early) provides fathers that have notably down educational attainment, will end up being Muslim, and therefore are likely to inhabit rural elements
If we explore the latest the quantity to which province and you may community fixed consequences need differences in social and you will monetary drawback of the examining the capability to identify type when you look at the academic attainment, we find that the town fixed consequences establish more 31% associated with variation, considerably more compared to the step 3% explained by the province repaired outcomes. Almost all of the type try although not in this communities.
We basic introduce estimations one to control having province*time-wave FE and then community*time-trend FE. We then go one step then because of the presenting abilities where i guess sis fixed effects models where in fact the coefficients was estimated from comparisons out-of siblings, among exactly who had married early and almost every other just who performed perhaps not. It assessment control https://brightwomen.net/fi/puerto-ricalaiset-naiset/ for all family unit members functions, both observable and you will unobservable, educated from the siblings elizabeth.grams., household members record. That it not significantly reduces the brand new decide to try. This type of email address details are hence best-read as actually appropriate to properties out-of a great deal more conservative minimizing socio-monetary home. Footnote 10
Finally, ?ihvt is an error term. We cluster the standard errors at the village ? time-wave level to account for correlation in the errors between individuals in the same village at a given time. For the sister fixed effects estimation we cluster the standard errors at the sister ? time-wave level. We estimate Eq. 1 separately for men and women. Footnote 11
where ChYihvt are the child outcomes (medically supervised birth, having a birth certificate, infant mortality, anthropometric z-scores, underweight and stunting for children under the age of 5, cognitive development tests for those aged 7 to 14, educational attainment for those aged over 18). As in Eq. 1, we control for contemporaneous mother and household characteristics (Xihvt), characteristics of the household in which the mother lived when she was 12 years old (MotherHChhv) and children’s own characteristics such as gender and age (Chihvt). We use an identical fixed effects strategy as in Eq. (1) and present province ? time-wave, village ? time-wave and, where possible, sisters ? time-wave fixed effects results.
